The Death Penalty is a Just and Proper Punishment :: Pro Capital Punishment Death Penalty Crime Essays

The Death Penalty is a Just and Proper PunishmentThe idea of putting some other human to death is hard to whole fathom. The physical mechanics involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death convict on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond my own understanding. I know it must be painful, dehumanizing, and sickening. However, this act is sometimes necessary and it is our state as a society to see that it is done.Opponents of capital punishment have basically four arguments. The first is that there is a possibility of error. However, the chancethat there might be an error is separate from the issue of whether thedeath penalty can be justified or not. If an error does occur, and aninnocent person is executed, wherefore the problem lies in the court system,not in the death penalty. Furthermore, most activities in our world, inwhich humans are involved, possess a possibility of defacement or death. Co nstruction, sports, driving, and air travel all offer the possibility ofaccidental death even though the highest levels of precautions are taken. These activities continue to take place, and continue to once in a while takehuman lives, because we have all decided, as a society, that theadvantages outgo the unintended loss. We have also decided that theadvantages of having dangerous murderers removed from our society outweighthe losses of the offender. The second argument against capital punishment is that it isunfair in its administration. Statistics show that the poor andminorities are more likely to receive the death penalty. erst again, thisis a separate issue. It cant be disputed sadly, the rich are more likely to get off with alesser sentence, and this bias is wrong. However, this is yet anotherproblem of our current court system. The racial and economic bias is nota valid argument against the death penalty. It is an argument against thecourts and their unfair system of sent encing. The trio argument is actually a rebuttal to a claim made by somesupporters of the death penalty. The claim is that the threat of capitalpunishment reduces rampageous crimes. Opponents of the death penalty do notagree and have a valid argument when they say, The claims that capitalpunishment reduces violent crime is inconclusive and for sure notproven. I am not refuting this accusation. In fact, statistics show that thedeath penalty neither lowers or raises the incidence of violent crimes.

My Dance with the Devil :: Personal Narrative Writing

There was a hawk in the night. This is unusually rare for an apprehensive town like Albany. Something began that night in Albany that would communicate an everlasting experience in my mind. It all started somewhere around the beginning of the winter season. In fact, it was on a Saturday night during choir rehearsal. The choir was dis fall backion over the final song when Derrick stopped by the church. He asked me to ride with him and a friend down to New Orleans. Well, this was an opportunity that I could not miss out on after all, I was an inquisitive teenager, daring to experience life at all cost. At any rate, rehearsal had come to an end. So Derrick and I got into the car and headed out to Hammond to pick up his friend, Sharon, and then headed on down to New Orleans. With each mile of the way, I could only think almost what I had gotten myself into by taking this trip without letting my parents know where I was going. The journey from a small quiet town like Albany to a major city like New Orleans had become a sudden switch to a risky atmosphere. It was mandatory that Mom or protactinium always knew where I was whenever night appeared this was a rule I lived by growing up in their home. On the contrary, here I was with Derrick and a check stranger as we headed down to a city that was known for violence, New Orleans. However, as if that was not enough, Derrick and his friend Sharon brought along some marijuana cigarettes that he had already rolled to smoke along the way. Since I did not smoke marijuana, Derrick brought a fifth of vodka and a bottle of orange juice along just for me. This compartmentalisation would get my head all messed up, like theirs, leaving me floating in a cloud without a worry in the world. He wanted me to enthrall the same sensations as he and Sharon. As we cruised on down to New Orleans, Derrick and Sharon smoked the reefer as I drank the vodka mixed with orange juice. We wanted to be on cloud nine so that by the time we reach ed the big city of New Orleans, our heads would be ready for adventure, and we could do anything, or so we thought. We reached our terminal at last.

The Effects of Occupational Stress on Physical Health and its Consequen

No matter the job, stress will always play a role in an individuals life. Regardless of whether sensation is a waitress, a teacher, a corrections officer, or a doctor, avoiding stress in the work is nearly impossible, perhaps even impossible. And the effects of stress in the employment are numerous. Stress can have both psychological and physical effects on the members of the workforce. And while the specific effect may differ from one individual to the next, and in particular the effect on physical health will certainly differ from one job to another, a construction actor will most certainly experience different health issues than a secretary, for instance, physical health. Research conducted in the field of occupational health psychology has strand evidence linking health and mortality in individuals to the stress encountered in the workplace in particular research has discovered a causal effect betwixt work experiences and physiologic responses (Macik-Frey, Quick & Nelson , 2007).Stress in the workplace can have an effect not only on the safety measures employees engage in while on the clock, but can also affect how an individual behaves outside of the workplace, in fact, it is not uncommon for an individual to experience accidents and injuries outside of the workplace that can be linked back to the stresses they experienced not only in the workplace but other stresses concerning ones employment (Macik-Frey et al, 2007).Estimates commute widely on the cost to organizations of poor health in employees, with some estimates reporting losses in the billions of American organizations, not only from the loss of productiveness and sick-leaves, but also as a result of caring for these illnesses. Cardiovascular heart-disease (CDH... ...lsewhere, or they may honorable have no causal link. In the airfield of burnout and physical health, there is still much more research necessary to fully understand and prevent not only burnout, but cardiovascular disease, oddly in the workforce. The link is not always certain, but with new researches conducted the pathway between burnout and cardiovascular disorder, between stress as a whole and physiological symptoms, becomes clearer. The benefit is not only for mental health but also physical well-being of employees and overall increased production in organizations it is not just the individual who benefits from burnout treatments in their well-being and overall job satisfaction, but the organization benefits from having a healthy workforce who are also happy, or at to the lowest degree not frustrated and dissatisfied, with their occupation and position in the organization.

Gene Therapy Essay -- Genetics Science Essays

cistron TherapyThe Human Genome Project began around 1986. The main goal of the project is to locate and sequence all ingredients found in human DNA. The objectives for this wishful effort are to learn more about heredity of disease and to discover the elements that would aid in gene therapy. Advances in gene therapy strive to diplomacy hereditary diseases and possibly eliminate disease from the genome.The definition of gene therapy is the introduction of genes into existing cells to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases (Jaroff, 1996). Gene therapy has two possibilities of disease treatment, somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves the manipulation of gene expression in cells that will be corrective to the patient but not inherited to the next generation. Germline gene therapy involves the genetic modification of germ cells, which pass the change on to the next generation (Wilson, 1998). Somatic gene therapy is currently being researched more aggressively due to ethical and technical complications with germline gene therapy.Technical AspectsGene therapy began with the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project has found gene locations for many diseases. Among the diseases that have been found Huntingtons disease, cystic fibrosis, ADA deficiency, and two genes for breast cancer are just a few examples. After a disease-causing gene is found, correcting it is the next logical step. This can be achieved through various methods. One of the first tested methods was to obtain the faulty gene from the patient, introduce the right gene into cells, and finally inject the altered cells back into a blood vessel.Blood is taken from the affected individual to obtain cells with DNA carryi... ...imit our ability to adapt to ecological and purlieual changes. In spite of this, I am enthusiastic about gene therapy. I want to live a healthy lifetime and I want my children to be able to live happy, healthy lives. With gene the rapy, the use of human cells to treat disease looks very promising. Who knows, by the time the environment does change, gene therapy may be so advanced that a simple injection could make us adapt to this change.ReferencesElmer-Dewitt, Philip. The Genetic Revolution. Time. January 17, 1994. V 143. N 3. P (46-44).Grace, Eric S. Better Health Through Gene Therapy. The Futurist. Jan-Feb 1998. V 32. N 1. P (39-43).Jaroff, Leon. Keys to the Kingdom. Time. Fall 1996. V 148. N14. P (24-29).Wilson, Jim. The Institute for Human Gene Therapy. Obtained from the WWW November 1, 1998http//www.med.upenn.edu/ihgt/ selective information/whatisgt.html

Dali :: essays research papers

The lifespan of Salvador Dali was one of much eccentricity, but he was also one of the near influential painters of the twentieth century. The story of his life is an extremely interesting one, and greatly inspired his artwork. Dalis childhood and his growing up process had a mickle to do with the man he would become later in life. He had a sidekick who was born before him, who had the same name. He died of meningitis before the Salvador Dali we make out was born. This had an obvious psychological effect on our Dali. It caused him to be very ambitious as he felt he needed to prove himself to his family. His deceased brother was very special to his entire family, and Dali always felt inferior to this image. Being the center of attention was always important to Dali. bingle year, when Haleys comet was going by dint of the air and his entire family was watching the sky, he kicked his sister because no one was paying any attention to him. Dalis family was compromised of an increa sing number of women, and his entire life he portrayed feminine attributes. The death of his mother at age seventeen traumatized him immensely. And to add to the shock, his father then married his mothers sister. in the lead this, Dali painted gorgeous landscapes and portraits, but now he begins to paint his tormented soul. In 1921, Dali began to attend the University Residence of Madrid. There, he met friends like Federico Garcia Lorca (a famous poet). Lorca was gay and furious in love with Dali, who was immature sexually at this point in his life and scared of gay relations, but the two remained close for many age afterwards. One year after he started at the University, he got suspended a year. He was eventually expelled two years later for his problems with authority. He claimed that he was more qualified than the teachers and administration who examined him. Dali was still painting at this point, and became very much interested in Freuds theory of the unconscious (ego, supere go, id) and dream interpretation, where he believed dreams were ways to allow our unconscious to express itself in disguise. Dali met Freud in 1938 and Freud was not very impressed with Dali. Rejection set in, and he started to move away from Freudian theories. One of Dalis friends, Paul Eluard, had a wife by the name of Gala, who Dali was enamored with.

Dali :: essays research papers

The life of Salvador Dali was one of much eccentricity, but he was also one of the most influential tonalityers of the twentieth century. The story of his life is an extremely arouse one, and greatly inspired his artwork. Dalis childhood and his growing up process had a lot to do with the man he would become later in life. He had a brother who was born before him, who had the same piss. He died of meningitis before the Salvador Dali we know was born. This had an obvious psychological effect on our Dali. It caused him to be genuinely ambitious as he felt he needed to prove himself to his family. His deceased brother was very special to his entire family, and Dali always felt middle-level to this image. Being the center of attention was always important to Dali. One year, when Haleys comet was going through the air and his entire family was watching the sky, he kicked his sister because no one was paying any attention to him. Dalis family was compromised of an increasing number o f women, and his entire life he portrayed feminine attributes. The death of his mother at age seventeen traumatized him immensely. And to add to the shock, his father then married his mothers sister. Before this, Dali painted gorgeous landscapes and portraits, but now he begins to paint his tormented soul. In 1921, Dali began to attend the University Residence of Madrid. There, he met friends like Federico Garcia Lorca (a famous poet). Lorca was gay and fell in love with Dali, who was immature sexually at this site in his life and scared of gay relations, but the two remained close for many years afterwards. One year after he started at the University, he got suspended a year. He was eventually expelled two years later for his problems with authority. He claimed that he was more qualified than the teachers and administration who examined him. Dali was still painting at this point, and became very much interested in Freuds theory of the unconscious (ego, superego, id) and dream inte rpretation, where he believed dreams were ways to allow our unconscious to express itself in disguise. Dali met Freud in 1938 and Freud was not very impressed with Dali. Rejection set in, and he started to move away from Freudian theories. One of Dalis friends, Paul Eluard, had a wife by the name of Gala, who Dali was enamored with.

The Victorian Villain Goes A Governessing English Literature Essay

O villain, scoundrel, smiling, damned scoundrel I v 106 crossroads. Iago, Lovelace, Willoughby, Dracula, Lecter, Lestat, V gray-hairedemort, the intrigues of these and countless other literary scoundrels are frequently funnily absorbing and tempting. Indeed, throughout literature, the image of the scoundrel frequently proves to be the far more than interesting character than the victim of their villainousness or the text s fighter aircraft. For many, the puritanic scoundrel is synonymous with the propertyless young-begetting(prenominal) as epitomised by Dickensian originals, for illustration the beastly Bill Sikes or the corruptor of sinlessness, the predatory Fagin in Oliver stoop ( 1838 ) . 1 However, the coming of the esthesis novel during the 1860s heralded a new coevals of scoundrels, a coevals that sent both shockwaves and bangs through the literary universe and its readership. Initially, in what is considered the kick offing novel of the genre, The Woman in White ( 1 860 ) , 2 villainousness continues to be a masculine posit as seen in the plants of Dickens, with the word fork over of the puzzling Count Fosco, who with his rod of Fe and chemical science set is arguably one of the most ill-famed scoundrels of the genre. 3 However, the esthesis novel obviously equates the scoundrel non with the propertyless manful or the Gothic blue blood of old genres but with a new original of villainy the villainess.This sex activitying of villainousness has led critics such as Hughes to observe that, In the esthesis novel of the brothel keeper Audley tradition, the heroine s rightful topographic slur is usurped wholly by the villainess, the golden-haired imposter who masquerades as a effected married woman while plotting slaying on the side. 4 Gone are the eighteenth-century portraitures of the innately virtuous heroine, such as Richardson s Pamela and Clarissa, who emphasise the incorruptibility of the heroine as she battles to hold dear her rep ute and female pureness, or the early nineteenth-century s word pictures of the reformed flirt who finally conforms as epitomised by Austen s Emma Woodhouse. 5 In their topographic point stood the extramarital, bigamous, frequently homicidal, angel of the fireplace turned dress down in the pretense of the respectable married woman, female parent or governess.This new strain of anti-heroinesAs Showalter argues, esthesis fiction conveys the menace of new phantasies, new outlooks, and even female rebellion 6 ,This challenge to the conventional depart of bragging(a) femalessilly novels by peeress novelists angel turned demon Mary Elizabeth Braddon s Lady Audley s Secret ( 1862 ) 7 the incorruptibility of the heroine, the angel of the fireplace, is replaced The transmutation of the angel of the fireplace into the scheming devilThe outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The saint wish well married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, would-be(prenominal) murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical upper-lower-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The steer that a big female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain in- mortal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the cartridge clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon s Lady Audley ( Lady Audley s Secret ) and Collins Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were chang e to everyone concerned ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992 48 ) and a morbid phenomenon of literature indicants of a widespread corruptness, of whichMarried Woman s Property Act divorce 1857Victorian heroine conjures up images of Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of rob are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are call qualities which label her an aberrance to her sex.Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character the villainess. The low-class male of old literary genresThe esthesis novelists offered readers a new sort of scoundrel the villainess.Aberrant muliebrity.the map of a heroine to function as an object of designationAdeline sergeant-at-law suggests another ground for the popularity of such characters a rebellion against the inane and impossible goodness of old literary heroines ( Sergeant, in Mitchell, 1981 74 ) .There can be no pos sible uncertainty that the evil of full-grown male is less catastrophic, less black to the universe in general, than the evil of gravid female. That is the flood course of all bad lucks of the race. Whughes 135 Margaret oliphantOutraged Victorian esthesiasMary Elizabeth Braddon synonymous with the creative activity of a new type of female supporter the angel turned devil.Patrilineal heritage offspringGaskell Ruth Richardson s Clarissa Wollstonecraft MariaThe governess liminal figure equivocal place tabula rasaAmbition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities.Inversion of the melodramatic stereotype of heroineShowalter puerperal passion 71ma gentlewomanThe outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old g enres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a bounteous female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon s Lady Audley ( Lady Audley s Secret ) and Collins Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were debasing to everyone concerned ( Oliphant , 1867, in Pykett, 1992 48 ) and a morbid phenomenon of literature indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which they are in portion both the consequence and the cause ( Mansel, 1863, in Pykett, 1992 51 ) .the adventuress marries without love and hence submits to arouse without love. Even though the entry takes topographic point at heart matrimony, the adventuress is frequently shown to be evil because of her sexual willingness. ( Mitchell, 1981 76 ) .Sabotaging traditional household valuesLa extreme of female rebellionThe villainess makes the out tangibleHughes remarks on the outgrowth of this new literary phenomenon by stating that, The supporter no longer runs off from the manque bigamist she is more likely to dabble in a meek bigamy of her ain. ( Hughes, 1980 9 ) . The madwoman in the Attic had been transformed, from a discoloureda . barbarian face with a.red eyes and the fearful blackened rising prices of the qualities. ( Bronte, C. , 1847 317 ) into a demure and at tractive Siren, whose just face shone like a sunray. ( LAS, 7 ) and who was, by all outward visual aspects, the perfect married woman.Titillation of female villainousnessOutside bound of society villainess made by societyIn Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote.Voice and ordain our deepest desires, feelings, ideas.Villain can resemble the heroLady Audley reveals the riddle that it is the female s aberrant behavior that renders her other, but one time she is othered her behavior becomes more utmost.Use governess ambivalent place used to analyze adult female s placeDisreputable yesteryearWealth position and repute of course follows barchester histories mr moffattEncapsulates everything that work forces are most afraid of female gender faith narrativeUnacknowledged desiresLydia female volatility lady Audley female surveillance sensingVictorian readers least resemble scoundrels non like us but surprisingly they teach us about ourselves.As Pam Morris argues, women map as the other which allows work forces to build a positive self-identity as masculine. 8 Ultimate misdemeanorSchemer with ability to pull strings her victimsDoes nt repent actions but non crave for an unchecked immoralityLydia s aspiration gathers momentum at that place becomes a unsighted urgency to accomplish her desire to go Mrs Allan ArmadaleVillain becomes an improbable figure one that ab initio looks and acts like the archetypical angel.This is non to accede that esthesis novelists are labor movement evil forces on the pageWitness the growing of immorality in one of patriarchate s most powerful images of pureness womankind perverting influence on kids.Not descent into lawlessness or debasementRecognizable new degree of complexnessGoverness the Respectable face of villainy the governessDisturbing is the Ordinariness of these adult females s state of affairss makes their actions flooring to Victorian reader. A recognizable individual one that they may use in their places. Relative e mployed as governess. She s non different to us non recognizable as scoundrel. Close propinquity of villainousness.Disparity in their lucksit s a deal. 11Abandoned kid but principled she work so marries to supply for him.see gilbertdiseasedesire104Governess s place site of struggleIt is non until her personal identity hat she becomes a true scoundrel. Deseasedesire102Miss Morley pale governess features that are identifiable as those of 100s of governesses and females. Fifteen old ages of a governess of five-and-thirty old ages of age traveling place to get married a adult male to whom she had been engaged 15 old ages p.13a monster nugget turned up under my spade, and I came upon a gilded sedimentation of some magnitude. A fortnight afterwards I was the richest adult male in all the small settlement about me. I travelled post-haste to Sydney, realised my gold findings which were deserving upwards of ?20,000p.22What turns Lucy from the doll like married woman into the villainess is a turn of fate return of hubby Robert s grim chase for George s whereabouts quest to detect her true individuality. possible lunacy inherited from female parent. Doubly abject female parentLydia predatory looking for chances to progress her societal position.Power enviousness treachery scare away choler desireFemme fataleLife has pushed Lydia Lucy to villainyWriters such as set their narrations in foreign climates or in a landscape of phantasy and parable the scoundrel s actions can non impact civilized society no menace but the power of the esthesis set their narrations in recognizable topographic points and state of affairss.Reader recoils from Lydia but what s she traveling to make next.Lydia s self-destruction the dramatic release from her societal place she has craved.Detailed psychological make-up false scoundrel normally gets his deserts or meets a bloody terminal dungaree societal misfit but we can understand her predicament.Isabel sympathise with her actions apprehe nsible.The power of Lydia s character is to propose that adult females are ambidextrous, untrusty.Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character profligate Robert Lovelace CLarissa Samuel Richardson, Fagin non lovable knave corrupted the artlessness of kids condemnable marauder.Fosco cosmopolite appeal, unusual powers, out believing outsmart investigators, sophisticated, relishes his power, Marian worthy advisory, possibility he will be master, new sort scoundrel reflects scientific thought of clip, unbelieving godless creates his ain moral model, wiw twelvemonth after beginning species, tickle pinking yet terrorizing character. Trained chemist sinister grit events narcoticsImbues work forces with great passionJugglingNo redeeming characteristicsWithout self-doubt, self-questioning, self-despair believes their societal place offers some signifier of exoneration for their actions.Catalyst to events I do non state that Robert Audley was a coward, but I will acknowledge th at a tremble of horror, something kindred to fear, chilled him to the bosom, as he remembered the atrocious things that have been done by adult females, since that twenty-four hours upon which Eve was created to be Adam s comrade and help-meet in the garden of Eden. What if this adult female s beastly power of deception should be stronger than the truth, and oppress him? She had non spared George Talboys when he had stood in her manner, and menaced her with a certain hazard would she save him who threatened her with a far greater danger? Are adult females merciful, or loving, or sort in proportion to their beauty and their grace? 273-4 Lathe female wrongdoer is the venue of horror, the site where the incomprehensible panics of domesticity can be explained and surmounted. 36 stagLady Audley putting to deaths premeditated in order to prolong her socially and financially unafraid function of married woman place she has attained via misrepresentation. gigabyte Lady Audley s narrative s hows that adult females are most evil when they conform to societal outlooks. Disease desire 96 sarcasm society labels adult females as adventuress, vill adult females who attract the male regardI did retrieve this and it was, possibly, this that made me selfish and heartless for I suppose I am heartless. As I grew older I was told that I was reasonably beautiful lovely-bewitching. I heard all these things at first indifferently but by-and-by I listened to them avariciously, and began to believe that in malice of the secret of my life I might be more successful in the universe s great drafting than my comrades. I had learnt that which in some indefinite mode or other every schoolgirl learns sooner or subsequently I learned that my ultimate hazard in life depended upon my matrimony, and I concluded that if I was so prettier than my schoolmates, I ought to get married better than any of them. 350Braddon suggests that adult females s future individuality founded on the necessi ty to procure a good matrimony. Marriage based on the demand for societal and economic guarantor, adult females s fright of poorness, non on love. Phoebe marries out of fright afraid Luke will be violent and spiteful ( p.107 ) if she is non submissive and compliant to his demands.Female individuality fluidRobert self-fulfillment sentimentalist hero sub-plot masculinastionFaulkes Writer s confederate thrusts narrative, readers see events unfold, gives us familiarity with scoundrel, sometimes hard non to take his sideDynamic qualities make them appealing.Suspicious of sudden shift key in category mobility.Free herself from societal limitation. companionable order must stay stable.Love makes Lydia focus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by rifle delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroineLa wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s l izzie Hexam our mutal mate 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring look-alike angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love.298Fatal necessities of privacy how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time square nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist.Bad adult females but put away fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. strict passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive futurexv presentation.Lydia rational self-awareRobert Audley needs Gerald ostracism Allan Armadales need the figure of the governess in order to happen themselves. The governess didactic map does non halt at the direction nonfunctional achievements, French. Thei r behavior is doubtless indocile but to ask rightful topographic point in the patriarchal order.Fetterley argues that Jean Muir s narrative articulates a immoderate review of the cultural concepts of muliebrity and small muliebrity, exposing them as functions that adult females must encounter, masks they must set on in order to last. Therefore, Jean must play the function of the inactive and submissive beauty, but with the computation of a marauder, in order to achieve the wealth and position she urgently desires. 9 This is undeniably accurate, and Jean s letters to her co-conspirator, Hortense, reveal that she calculates her every move with the cunning of a marauder. As Jean embarks on her new life as Lady Coventry the combustion of her letters is the symbolic rejection of her past life but the successful devastation of the cunning marauder s past life besides symbolises dominate and farther authorization of the indocile female.In decision, the villainess in esthesis fict ion the heroine can be said is portrayed as more person than Godhead, a inning and blood.The Victorian Villain Goes A-GovernessingIn Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote.La victim unless every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. rabidness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet rubber eraser vil googbkAppearance inversion of countenance.Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility.Free herself from societal limitation.Social order must stay stable.Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroineLa wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life.Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist.Heroines more mortal than Godhead.Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position.Austere passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive futurexv presentation.Lydia you know the evil I have committed Juliet toilet Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain condenser for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense misery and self-loathing. 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control o f her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her smutty workss.In this analysis, the societal and political alterations that Kilroy identifies as a beginning ofanxiousness and fear-married adult females s belongings rights and civil divorce, for example-areliberating, although the Schroeders note Thursdayfemale characters such as Clara Talboys Muse and inspirationinteresting stance, the pale governess 15 old ages pittance return to be marriedThe Victorian Villain Goes A-GovernessingIn Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote.La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing.Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbkAppearance inversion of countenance.Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility.Free herself from societal limitation.Social order must stay stable.Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A char acter so flawed anti-heroineLa wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love.298Fatal necessities of privacy how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life.Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist.Heroines more mortal than Godhead.Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position.Austere passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive futurexv presentation.Lydia y ou know the evil I have committed Juliet toilet Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss.

Muriel’s wedding critical analysis Essay

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Quality Management Proposal

BJB spirit Management Proposal Outline Learning Team B Christie Bryant, John Deprimo, Kareemot Olorunoje, Ammy Solis, Michael Willis, and Patrice Wills MGT/420 Kathryn Kendall November 5, 2012 BJB Quality Management Proposal Outline Introduction As a manufacturer of high-end compact disc changers for the automobile aftermarket, BJB manufacturing currently has no quality chopine.The organization involve a strategy for improving business performance through the commitment and involvement of all employees to fully satisfying agreed customer requirements, at the optimal costs, through thecontinual valueof the products and services, business processes, and people involved ( gibe Quality Management TQM, Unknown). The companys president seeks to gain a competitive bite in the compact disc changer industry over its competition by establishing a total quality management (TQM) program. 1) Product and Needs of BJB Manufacturing go with 2) Quality Management Approach ) Role of Leadership in intend, Developing, and Implementing Week 2, Part I Prepare a total quality management program for BJB Manufacturing beau monde by writing a 700-to 1,050-word paper in which you develop a quality management approach for BJB. 4) BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management first Proposal * a) Determine what needs the stakeholders may have for BJBs products. b) Analyze the product and needs of BJB, and then select the quality management approach that would be the best fit. Explain your rationale. c) Describe the role of leadership in planning, developing, and mplementing a quality process in BJB. Week 3, Part II lodge structure your proposal by incorporating your instructors feedback from the Quality Initiative Proposal, and adding 700-to 1,050-words to address theory. * 5) BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Theory d) Select one of the theories that you feel would be the best fit for BJB and the successful implementation of this particular project. e) Address how th ese quality theories and process-driven and customer-driven quality requirements apply to both the manufacturing and service industries. * * Week 4, Part III * Continue building your proposal for BJBs Strategic Planning Committee by adding 1,050-to 1,750-words outlining the strategies for addressing quality management issues and determining an effective means of deploying the quality management initiative. 6) BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Implementation Strategy * 1. Analyze factors that should be considered when measuring the results of quality initiatives by using the quality initiative the Learning Team selected to be the best fit for BJB.Address the leaderships roles in successfully deploying an initiative. Then determine how this approach would help enhance the accomplishment of the following i) Reduction of the issuance of product failures ii) Material and labor costs due to gains in operational efficiencies iii) Profitability iv) Customer complaints management v) Environmental regulations compliance vi) Reduction of the number of victimize claims and service reliability in the supply chain vii) Levels of inventory iii) Inventory damage and shrinkage management ix) Communications, cooperation, and coordination between all departments within the company improvement * * Week 4, BJB Total Quality Management Program, Parts I through III Presentation * 2. Prepare a 12- to 15-minute oral presentation of Part I-III of the BJB Total Quality Management Program proposal your team developed. Include 7-12 Microsoft PowerPoint slides. * * Week 5, Part IV * * BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Supplier Alliance rhythmic pattern ReportPrepare a report in which you determine supplier alliance requirements and appropriate metrics for BJB to measure the performance effectiveness of their suppliers. What recommendations would you present to BJBs Strategic Planning Committee to integrate the supplier alliance and metrics? a) Determine KPIs for fo rming supplier alliances as well as how BJB would evaluate supplier qualifications and performance. b) How do these measurements help control a competitive advantage for BJB? c) Analyze the types of costs of changing supplier alliances. 7) Conclusion 8) References

Income and Wealth Equality Essay

Discuss whether the most effective mien to hold back income and wealth compare is to levy income to a greater extent progressively. Income is a stable flow of money, often a salary, which psyche works for tho this tolerate in like manner be made finished interest on savings. This flow of money is often very unequal from person to person due to wage differentials, this then creates inequality. Wealth on the some other hand is a stock of assets which guard a market rate, which may limiting over time e.g. houses or cars. These are often catching but can be bought by someone by their income. Wealth and income often found together however someone who is wealthy doesnt always have a large income. Their relationship with inequality is also very different with a lot more inequality found in wealth as a fifth of wealth is concentrated among the richest one per cent of households however there is still some in income.One way the government can stop this inequality is through a progressive taxationation system that aims to tax the poorest battalion very little but make the money up by taxing the richer. This would work at several boundaries with someone income being taxed higher when it exceeds a certain limit. This then creates equality as the richer people have less money and the poorer have more from not stipending tax and then the unemployed get benefits. This then reduces the budget deficit as the tax payers pay for people benefits, helping to reduce the class system. tho one problem with this is that it may cause the highest earners to leave the country to avoid paying tax and companies moving their headquarters abroad where they will pay less tax. This happened in the 70s with the rolling stones but is also happening with corpo proportionalityns such Amazon and Costa and this something that may happen more if the richer are taxed too much.This is also taking money out of the economy as they spend their money abroad, out of the flow of income in the UK. Another problem with this system is that it creates the poverty trap. A type of government failure, this is when there is no incentive for people to get off benefits as they wont make any more money. To stop this there may need to be a re-evaluation of the system as the replacement ratio is too high. This can also create poor attitudes, with generations of people not working. This is also found in the work place with some people refusing pay rises as they will have to pay more money in tax as they go through a tax boundary. However more recently this has happened with child benefits asthese are being reduced depending on how much someone earns another reason why someone would refuse a pay rise.Wealth is often harder to tax however it is often ca utilize by income so the tax system previously described may be employ to reduce wealth and thus stopping inequality. This system can also be found in wealth though, with inheritance tax being used progressively. For example any mo ney above 325,000 is taxed at 40%. This then creates a source of revenue for the government but also stops people inheriting huge sums of money, stopping inequality.However this system has its flaws as the tax has to be paid first, it could also be argued as unfair as someone who works for their money is entitled to leave it to who they want, especially as it was already taxed when it was earned. This system has also caused many pensioners to move abroad where what they leave is taxed less. The money inherited is also often used by entrepreneurs to fund businesses so the system may also reduce the possibility for future in income tax. This systems also sonly raises 2.9bn a year, a mere 0.18% of GDP, which sometimes ends up being spent on court cases as people argue against the system.One alternative system for reduction inequality is by providing incentives for people to get into work. This could be done by changing the minimum wage as it would reduce the replacement ratio. This ca n also be achieved by decrease the unemployment benefits or making them harder to get. Reducing benefits would also lower the budget deficit as the government can save money. However this could be hard on people who genuinely cant work due to long term illness or disability. Another way of increasing the work force is by increasing spending on training of workers but also in the education system. This will create wear out skilled and qualified workers, allowing them to make more money and natural endowment them more job opportunities.This type of supply side policy can be high-priced but there should be future benefits as their will be more money made from income tax. They would also create job opportunities for teachers or other people to teach skills. Other examples of this include apprenticeships and part time work schemes that together should create a job for everyone, reducing the tax bill. However they wont work for everyone as there is always someone who will be left behi nd and It may also be hard to change the mind set of people who are used to not working. These types of policies would also all stop inequality as the poorer people would have employment opportunities giving them a higher source of income.However there are very little alternatives to redistribute wealth as it is impossible to give people items of value as those who are in poverty often dont even have a house. The government may be able to can schemes for people to work for their homes and other areas of wealth. It is also hard for them to find things of wealth at an affordable rate especially as it is normally found through work done by relatives. This is why it is unlikely to be done as it wouldnt be very sustainable and effective however in theory the re distribution of wealth could be done.In conclusion the progressive tax system has its benefits as it provides a simple way of reducing inequality by taxing the rich and giving the poor money, bringing them closer financially. How ever in my opinion the system is the easy solution with ill-considered term benefits rather than long term gains that might happen through providing incentives rather than disincentives for people. However the problem with wealth is greater as it cant be easily moved but through redistributing income wealth will consequently be redistributed as ultimately income is the main cause of wealth.

A Value Based Society for Our Future Essay

Present day parliamentary law has seen its shargon of the erosion of identify ever since the dawn of technology. It is as if these determine were being thrown aside for technology to take its place. And technology like a dark mist shrouding the set of a person making what we know today as materialism. This obviously puts forth proof of how flawed society can be without set being the base of it. The vision of how our future society is intended to be is undoubtedly a utopia where peace and concurrence is above all else.Currently our world and society faces violence, on a general scope of this issue would be the occurrence of war, Wars in the past have been fueled by a difference of values. today what are values you might ask, as defined by the oxfords advanced learners English dictionary, values are beliefs about what is honorable and wrong and what is beta in life. Since values are a belief on what is important in life, it is necessary that the right belief is instilled wit hin an single of a society, so as not to create any forms of false society norms.The topic which I intend to highlight today would be the examples of values that communities in the society should practice and apply. As well as reasons to support my points of view. From my perspective on the topic, I feel that it is important to have the values of Change, Tolerance, Teamwork and ingenuousness First and foremost, Change, a value portraying the will of an individual to undergo a course of development for the better.Before dwelling on what type of values should be instilled in an individual or how do we apply these values, We have to first realise the importance of possessing this will for a better change, because without this most important criteria, the instilling of new values to improve our society is impossible. Allow me to give you an analogy, what is the use of knowing what is a value which benefits society when you have no will to act so? This depicts how actions speak louder than words, and in this case the will to act is indeed very important.Secondly the value which I would like to highlight on is Tolerance. Tolerance is the willingness to accept somebody/something, especially opinions or behaviour that you may not agree with. This value plays a key role in creating an environs of peace and harmony, Because tolerance is the solution for the difference of values of which people possess, and definitely the first step to achieving peace between individuals of different values would be the bankers acceptance of one an early(a).To apply this in a real-life situation, when someone sees things in a different perspective, dont discriminate or brand him weird, instead afflict and see things from that persons perspectives to understand him. And if both or more parties understand and can tolerate each other, misunderstandings will be reduced and harmony on the other hand will be promoted. Moving on, I would like to emphasize on the value of teamwork. Teamwork is cooperative or coordinated case of a group in the interests of a common cause which is usually effective.And if a value based society is the goal to reach, then it would suggest that those who are a part of the society should chip in their efforts in order to make the goal a reality instead of continuing to encase it in dreamland. Teamwork is definitely a very dear value if a better future is the main focus of the goal in the future. Teamwork can be slow applied in everyday life, for instance, when you and another person are made in-charge of something. Do not do that something alone, because this would lead to poor results due to miscommunication.With teamwork, everything would be set just right because the resources to accomplish something are multiplied. Lastly I would like to bring forth the value of Honesty. Honesty is the quality of never hiding the true statement of something. And in a value based society for the future, honesty plays a big role as well. Because throug h honesty, will trust be promoted. To pardon this, honesty means that everyone is truthful with one another, this can break down the cautious barrier between people which has been inhibiting them from understanding and trusting each other well for a long judgment of conviction.And without trust let me remind everyone here, a good society is impossible to be achieved because people of both sides spend their time and effort on the precautions about one another. As a conclusion, Society in the future will have no improvement if values such as change, tolerance, teamwork as well as honesty are not what the society is based on. And society will offer to fall if these values continue to be seen as negligible in the eyes of the modern society.

Compare and Contrast the Culture of Cahokia to the Anasazi Nation Apush Frq Essay

Anasazi and Cahokia NationThe political, scotch, and social aspects of the lives of the Cahokia and Anasazi nations before the European exploration differed greatly, only there are some similes. They each have a speciate cultures and traditions separate ways they live their lives. Cahokia was the largest Native American settlement North of Mexico ever established before 1492, where they practiced mound-building and human sacrifice. The Anasazi are the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo people, who lived in cliff dwellings in the deserts of current day New Mexico.The political structure and type of governing within these two nations is unalike. The Cahokians had a ranked society, with focal ratio and lower classes. The elite class controlled the workers of the lower class. Civic and religious leaders governed them. These leaders lived in wooden houses atop the flattened peaks of pyramids, and literally looked down on the people they ruled. The Anasazi were unbiased, without well- defined class limitations. They were divided into clans, and governed by the clan elders. The Cahokians and Anasazians may have cultural similarities, but their political structure is not one.The Cahokians had more economic advantages than the Anasazi, but both nations managed to thrive. Cahokia was a city of fifteen thousand people, and they were a rich city. Much of their prosperity was due to their frequent trading they were the center of a trading network linked to a third of the continent. However, both the Cahokians and Anasazians were very resourceful.They both hunted and forged their own tools. The Cahokians were make of bones, while the Anasazis were made of wood or stone. Obviously, both nations were a creative breed. The Cahokians weaved baskets, usually from cornhusks, and most likely used them to deport food. Anasazi people made pottery, and used them to transport water. Cultivated crops and water were both readily available to the Cahokians, but not to the Anasazi. Th e location of both tribes led to economic differences.Social structure was more pregnant to, and enforced by, Cahokia than the Anasazi. The Cahokians had the more important citizens separated from thelower classes, but the Anasazi all lived together and were equal. The people of Cahokia lived in houses, and the Anasazi lived in pueblo communities. These pueblo communities were located on cliff sides, and made of clay.But even though their living situations were different, both cultures were friendly and close-knit. The Anasazi were all equal, but the Cahokians brought each other gifts and traded frequently. The social traditions of these two groups of people lack resemblance in the way they live, but as a community and forming lasting relationships, they share that characteristic.The political aspects of Cahokia and the Anasazi were at an extreme opposition. The economic situations were dissimilar, location is partly to blame, but both nations conquered obstacles and managed to blo ssom. Their social structure also differed, but the groups of people upheld strong relationships and friendships with the other members of the community. Although the Anasazi and Cahokia nations were considerably different, some similarities are acknowledged.

Children’s learning needs Essay

As an betimes years practician it is your job to realize that you meet childrens learning needs and understand and operation with all childrens learning needs. It is important that you provide contrasting kinds of opportunities also focus on individual childrens learning needs each and every(prenominal) child is unique and all learn at unalike rates. When in a vista it is important that you plan an enabling environment that children go away light upon challenging but will allow them to learn in different areas. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is a legally-binding international agreement setting out the civil, political, economic, kind and cultural safes of every child, regardless of their race, religion or abilities. The (UNCRC) was brought together to focus on childrens practiceds, it is there to show that childrens confine rights and their safety is priority as they are more vulnerable. The (UNCRC) states that all childrens wants and le arning needs should be met, also it has 5 core rights these being- The right to smell The right to his or her own name and identity The right to be protected from abuse or exploitationThe right to an education The right to having their privacy protected To be raised by, or have a relationship with, their parents The right to express their opinions and have these listened to and, where appropriate, acted upon The right to play and enjoy farming and art in safetyThe (UNCRC) has two main articles that state that children have the right to an education so as a practitioner it is your job to ensure that you are meeting the educational needs for the children within your setting. (Article 28- Right to education)Every child has the right to an education. Primary education m elderlyiness(prenominal) be free. Secondary education moldiness be available to every child. Discipline in schools must respect childrens dignity. Richer countries must help poorer countries achieve this. (Article 29- Goals of education)Education must develop every childs personality, talents and abilities to the full. It must progress the childs respect for human rights, as well as respect for their parents, their own and other cultures, and the environment. https//www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Publication-pdfs/betterlifeleaflet2012_press.pdf When in a setting it is important that you ensure that you and parents are working together to ensure that that child is learning the best possible way. It is key to ask parents toencourage their children and help their child out at home. As a practitioner it is your job to ensure that all children are learning some that you can do is send things home for the parent and child so they can learn and have swordplay at the same time. As an early years practitioner you will recognise that childrens play is closely linked to their learning and education. Children learn in so many different ways but you will notice that they learn mainly through play. When childr en are able to do many different activitys that allows them to lean but have fun at the same time thy will find what they are doing fun and will engage the children. It is important that when in you your setting you set up a variety of educational activitys this way the children will be able to choose freely what they want to do.Play is essential to every mathematical function of childrens lives and is important to their development. It provides the children with different ways of doing things children will want to explore and learn new things. The Early years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is a bandage of frame work that relates to children from birth to five years old and id there to ensure that every child has the best possible start to in life and to make sure that all children are given support that enables them to fulfil the potential. It is important that as a practitioner you understand that children develop quickly and the childrens experiences between birth and age five have a major impact on their future lives. The EYFS specifies requirements for learning and development and for safeguarding children and promoting their welfare. The learning and development requirements penetrateThe Seven Areas Of Learning And Development which must shape activities and experiences (educational programmes) for children in all early years settings which are described below The Early Learning Goals that providers must help children work towards. The goals summarise the knowledge, skills and understanding that all young children should have gained by the end of the Reception year, ie. the year that they turn five years old Learning Goals. Assessment Arrangements For Measuring Progress when and howpractitioners must assess childrens achievements, and when and how they should discuss childrens progress with parents and/or carers. The Safeguarding and Welfare Requirements cover the steps that providers must take to keep children safe and promote their welfare. http//www.harwo odnursery.com/page_10.htmlLearning and development requirementsThere are six areas covered by the early learning goals and educational programmesPersonal, social and emotional developmentCommunication, language and literacyProblem solving, reasoning and numeracyKnowledge and understanding of the worldPhysical developmentCreative development.http//www.playengland.org.uk/media/130519/eyfs-ofsted-childcare-register-summary.pdf There are many different theorists that relate to childrens play and provide the importance of it one of the theorists being Lev Vygotsky, Vygotsky believed that imaginative play was crucial to a childs normal development also he believed that play and activity gives children much keener experiences of pleasure than play.He saw that play was important to a child he said that early years play built the foundations of a childs early life due to the child being able to learn from all the different kinds of activitys he stated that there was many different kinds of t hings that would act as the stepping stones of the childs future development. In play a childs always behaves beyond his average age, above his daily behaviour. In play it is as though he were a head taller that himself. https//www.google.co.uk/ hunting?q=lev+vygotsky+quotes+on+play http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1721196.stmBibliography-https//www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Publication-pdfs/betterlifeleaflet2012_press.pdf http//www.harwoodnursery.com/page_10.htmlhttp//www.playengland.org.uk/media/130519/eyfs-ofsted-childcare-register-summary.pdf http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1721196.stmhttps//www.google.co.uk/search?q=lev+vygotsky+quotes+on+play

Beliefs and teachings of Christianity and Islam Essay

IntroductionIn this essay I will be exploring the beliefs and teachings about Jesus and Christianity. Also investigating Islam and Tawhid, this is the oneness of Allah and Judgement day. Then how these beliefs and teachings return reflected in swearrs attitudes towards lifetime after closing. Then fin whollyy I will depute across my opinion and what others opinion to this whitethorn be on the following statement. People who take for a ghostlike organized religion lead better lives than people who flummox no faith, because they see life otherwise A) Explain the beliefs and teachings of Christianity and Islam.In Christianity JesusIn Islam Tawhid and AkirahTawhid is the oneness of Allah. The one and only universal God of either humanity. The Tawhid reinforces Islam as a mo nonheistic faith. Allah cannot be described in certain terms, the Quran warns Islamics that they shouldnt do this as there is only one God in Islam, I am Allah there is no God but meIf a Muslim is not to be lieve this then they argon not a true Muslim. This is c all tolded Anthropomorphism. Allah is uttermost beyond human understanding. He is not abstract and Allah created everything. To suggest you own something is shift Tawhid. Or to think that you are better than anyone or anything also breaks Tawhid and breaks the teaching from the Quran We are all equal like the tooth of a combAkirah is Judgement by Allah, He will gather you once again on the day of judgement (Quran)Judgement day happens when the world comes to an end and Allah judges every Muslim. When Muslim dies they go into a state of waiting this is called Barzakh. Life is a test, preparation for the afterlife, this is more important as it is for eternity. Paradise and hell is where Allah sends a Muslim after being judged. Throughout a Muslims life cardinal angels, A good one and a bad one watches them. They record all actions that happen in every day life and these are read out at judgement day. A Muslim can go straight to heaven if they die in a Holy war, Fight in the name of Allah or if they were to die on the hajj.Jesus was the founder of Christianity, the Son of God and prophet courier from God many people in his times referred to him as the Messiah, the anointed one, chosen to be king. He is adjourn of the trinity, the human form of God.Jesus spread the message of God and Christianity. He taught people his knowledge and teachings of the religion. He showed how to concede. Mary Magdalene, a prostitute fell to Jesus feet, He said whilst he was on the cross. yield forgive them for they no not what they do.He also taught his people not to judge others. Do not judge and you will not be judged Christians have a golden rule this should be apply in everything that they do. Love your Neighbour as Yourself B) How these teachings and beliefs reflected in believers attitudes towards life after death.Christians believe in forgive and reform. Christians can correct their sins. Jesus showed the way to h eaven, by following his teachings. Jesus showed life after death when he resurrected from the death. Jesus taught Christians for God to give you life after death, you have to prove your faith by actions and putting the teachings of Jesus into a Christians daily life. So Christians did this. Then they would be rewarded with heaven.Christians do not believe in the death penalty as they believe in forgiveness and reform to become a better person.When a Christian dies they are also judged but in a different way. If they have been good and are truly sorry for their sins they can go to heaven. If they commit a sin and are not truly sorry they will go to Hell.You cannot fracture religion and politics in Islam, Muslim beliefs affect a Muslims life as Islam is complete way of life. Life is just preparation for the afterlife, heaven or hell. Muslims are all expected to be equal. For example4, the rich must donate money to the poorer Ummah.You cannot separate life and religion. The main ways a Muslim submits to Allah is by following his teachings in the Quran and the 5 pillars. Akirah is a main influence of believers of Islam. As this is on a Muslims actions and everything they do as preparation for paradise does count on judgement day.Muslims take life after death very seriously. They follow rigorously to Allahs instructions found in the Quran. To give them a place in paradise. Remember life is only a test. If they pass a reward of Paradise (heaven).C) People who have a phantasmal faith lead better lives than people who have no faith, because they see life differently How far do you agree?Give reasons for your answer, showing that you thought about more than one point of view. name to spectral teachingsI agree and disagree with this statement. I agree that people who have no faith see life differently to than those who have. But I disagree that people who have a religious faith lead better lives.I could say this statement isnt true as a quote from the bible says, We are all one In the lord Jesus Christ. if we are all one wherefore does that statement state that people that have a religious faith have a better life than those that dont.Although I disagree with People who have a religious faith lead better lives than people who have no Faith. I can understand why this is said. In some cases some people prefer to always know what is going to happen. If they have a fixed faith such as Islam. They no what they have to do to achieve there name and address of going to Paradise and therefore can prepare for this. If someone has no fixed faith and doesnt follow any particular religion they are always unsure of what will happen in their future life and whether there is a future life. And how to respond to this. But I understand that others may prefer to have an undecided Future.

Major Informative Speech

There are many controversial topics we can spend hours talking more or less and have deferent points of view on. My favorite one is the one that argues If down the stairs historic periodd kids should be try as adults or not. This topic has so many different points of views that there exit n of all time be an exact answer on If children should be tried as adults or not. This topic Is very elicit because every case Is different, meaning that because there are different variables that led kids to get In move we can never say that all kids should be treated as adults because their level of crime is ever the same.Viewing each case as its own is the only way that someone can decide on whether or not they can be seen as kids or adults, I dont think this topic should be generalized into a yes or no. Of course, everybody has different views on things and in these next few paragraphs I will take into consideration different states opinions as well as why some people think this should b e a firm yes or no. BODY 1) History and Definitions a) It Is estimated that as many as 250,000 y stunnedh annually are prosecuted as adults. (Juvenile Law Center. Youth In the great(p) System.Campaign for Youth Justice, Jan. 2013. Web. 07 Cot. 2014. ) I) It is get alongn that the youth that go into adult jails are five times more promising to be raped and mistreated by others in those jails. B) Fourteen states have no minimum age for trying children as adults. Children as young as eight have been prosecuted as adults. (Areola, Jorge N. Children in Prison. tinct Justice Initiative. N. P. , 27 Seep. 2013. Web. 01 Cot. 2014. ) c) An adult sentence is where a young person under the age of 18 is found guilty of an indictable offence for which n adult is liable to imprisonment.TRANSITION The law has certain requirements children under the age of eighteen must reach In order to be tried as an adult. 2) major(ip) arguments in favor of children getting tried as adults a) As you grow up you know what is good and wrong because in most homes there are rules and if there isnt there are rules at school. Children know that it is not pass to hit someone in school because they will not go out to recess if they do so. Having some sort of punishment teaches kids that there are certain things that are not acceptable at any mime. Children know when they are doing something wrong. If a 14 year old shoots someone, they should be in prison. If they kill someone, they should be tried as an adult. You dont need to be 18 to understand the results of destruction a human life. Page, Arians P. Should Children Be Tried as Adults? The Premier Online Debate Website. N. P. , 04 Jan. 2014. Web. 03 Cot. 2014. ) b) When a child is not tried as an adult on a crime that Is most likely to be through with(p) by an adult, they will think that because they were cut off on the punishment It will most likely happen again and hey will do it again. Our youth today need to learn that it is not okay to commit teach them too many things that later in life turn into reality and that is when we tribulation letting them get away with so many things. North, Anon. Once a Criminal ever so a Criminal. By Boxcar. N. P. , 28 June 2011. Web. 03 Cot. 2014. ) c) Children not being charged when a crime is committed will later think they have gotten away with their crime. This leads the law to charge them unconstipated if that means treating them as adults. reservation a punishment for them lets them know that no matter what age here will be consequences to their actions. In the case of homicide, my choice is either to charge him as an adult, or dont charge him, said John Bonging of the Lawrence County district Attorneys Office. Not charging him at all wasnt feasible. Chin, Stephanie. CNN. Cable News Network, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 05 Cot. 2014. ) TRANSITION The points Eve made my question on show the lessons kids will get from their crimes that have gone too far to what their brain should even be thinking of at such a young age. I think this also shows other kids how bad their punishments can e if they ever think of doing anything like that.

Herr Samsa Is Content Essay

In Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Gregor Samsa, the main character turns into an insect. Although many would fight that this trans manakination is literal, I would argue that Kafka uses it as a metaphor or some other form of symbol. If my theory is right, this metaphor is used as a means of portraying the dehumanisation and hence alienation of Gregor Samsa caused by the intense stress and demands of his daily job that he worries nigh so much. I to a fault believe that Kafka uses the particular case of Gregor to represent a whole generation of rangeers that all fear the very(prenominal) fate. Herr Samsa, Gregors father, in particular fears this and having seen what he fears most in his son, he becomes violent and aggressive towards him finally delivering him a slow, gradual death.To support this argument, we find out that, even before the actual transformation, Gregor be pay offs strangely with regards to his work studying train cartridge holdert adequates for example. It is for this reason that I have decided to carry on with this idea. With Gregor dying at the end of the novella, I decided to use this metaphor of dehumanisation again and apply it to another unmatchable of the workers of the same generation as Gregors his sisters boyfriend that she has found since the Samsa family left their plate to start a new heart.In station for my adaptation of Kafkas extended metaphor to be flourishing, I have had to adopt his style of writing, some intimacy that is very particular to Kafka. Kafka uses long sentences yet keeps the novella lamentable at quite a fast pace. This is because he pays great attention to pointedness and turns each detail into something significant. Despite this, he is not particularly descriptive concerning the settings that he has chosen in Metamorphosis. This has the particular tack together of rendering the scenes of Metamorphosis full of action and gripping for the reader. This is what I have tried to apply in my extension of K afkas fantastic tale.Grete watched her father throw the entry, pull his feet across the mat, throw his overcoat off his shoulders and drop it on the banister. He similarlyk both his daughters shoulders, smiled at her for a moment with an manner that could only be associated with pride and then gently kissed her fore straits. He then locomote on to the kitchen, Grete in his footsteps. Once there, he placed his hand on his wifes shoulder, squeezed it, asked her what was for supper and, in turn, kissed her.Herr Samsa presently moved to the living room and with a pleasant sigh of relief he settled into an armchair and watched in pleasure as Grete gazed fixedly at the clock on the wall counting down the seconds. At just now five, the doorbell rang and Grete let out a little squeal of delight before glancing sheepishly at her father and rushing off to answer it. The same routine had not changed one bit for the work two months yet Herr Samsa could not complain. He knew that five w as the time when he could afford himself the pleasure of reflection his daughters face light up, making her even more scenic reminding him of the attractive and successful woman she was turning into. He had never been happier.Simple and polite only if pleasant conversation came from the kitchen a mixture of questions, exclamations and quiet laughter. Following this, Grete entered with Franz who greeted Herr Samsa with a gentle inclination of his head.Ah Franz my son How are you? And how are things at work? asked Herr Samsa.Well, as you know sir, not too well Im afraid. We all have a ridiculous amount of work to get through and I, for one, can hardly cope. The only thing that keeps a smile on my face is the prospect of coming to visit your daughter each evening.Grete looked up at him adoringly and smiled before turning to her father with a face that begged no more remonstrate of work matters. Accepting this, Herr Samsa looked at them both.Very well. Off you go.Thank you, sir rep lied Franz and he eagerly scuttled behind the beautiful young woman who led him to the parlour.Herr Samsa got up and poured himself a small glass of schnapps and settled hold end down into the warmth of his armchair. As he let his eyes close, he reflected upon how much better life was now. Even going back to work didnt bother him in the least. He felt healthier and fitter than he had been in a long time and he was now always able to heart in with the family walks on Sundays. Franz also came with them. The four of them would walk with their arms linked, talking and laughing with a spring in their step.Thus half an hour passed very happily for Herr Samsa before he was called to join the rest of his family at the dinner table. Grete was rather sullen right throughout the meal. Her usual manner of modishly attacking her food was not there. Eventually, whilst Gretes mother was in the kitchen, clearing the table, he asked her what the matter was. She disregard the question with anot her intense stare at the table so her father thought it scoop up to leave the matter alone.The next evening, the atmosphere at the dinner table was tense once again. Grete insisted on glaring sullenly at her plate. Again, Herr Samsa asked her what the matter was whilst his wife was busy in the kitchen. Once more, she tried to shorten him but this time, her father insisted and she lifted her face, covered in tears, before answering.Hes exhaustedI cant stand it anymorehe puts on a brave facebut with me She urgently tried to control herself but burst into tears. Frau Samsa, who had come back into the room, put her arm expatiate her and encouraged her to go on. Gretes parents watched, bemused and shocked, for this was the first time they had seen her cry since theyd decided to start up their lives. Seeing the discomfort in her parents faces, Grete took a deep breath and started again.He doesnt complain about it but when were alone, he talks about nothing but work, almost as if he do esnt know how to talk about anything else. Just last night, instead of talking to me, he fatigued two whole hours studying a train timetable And hes developed a unremitting twitchspasms every now and then. Hes not reallymy Franzanymore.The following evening, nothing changed. As always, Herr Samsa was met in the hallway by his daughter whom he embraced before making his way to the kitchen, in order to greet his wife. As Grete waited for the clock to approach five, she had the same anxious look on her face. But it thinned and was replaced with a frown because as the hands hit five she heard a far-off cry. She glanced at her father but he obviously hadnt heard it and so she continued waiting. She was silently impress that Franz hadnt turned up yet, despite the fact that it wasnt even a minute early(prenominal) yet. As she continued waiting, now perched on the arm of one of the sofas, she heard another cry, closer this time and it resembled more a scream.Yet again, Herr Samsa had n ot noticed but he was watching Grete with amusement as she visibly became more and more nervous as the minutes went by. Once again, a scream came from up the road. This time, it was accompanied by the smashing of a window. Grete rushed to the living room window and pressed herself up against the window to see what was going on. The last cry had even managed to reach her father and he too had jumped out of the comfort of his chair to see what was going on. Both wore anxious looks upon their faces and as more shouts of affright approached their house, Frau Samsa joined them from the kitchen, wiping the backs of her hands in her apron as she walked.Wheres Franz? she asked immediately.A look of horror cross Gretes face as it occurred to her that the angry manifestation outside and Franzs lateness could be linked. She tried desperately to see what was going on through the living room window but the angle wasnt wide enough. A couple of flying stones and an apple came into her field of v ision and with that she rushed to the front door with both her parents close behind her.It was as she grabbed the cold brass handle to pull the door open that she realised what this was. She remembered the conversation last night at the table and, sure enough, as she hastily poked her head through the door and looked down the street, she clasped her heart. Franz was there sure enough, scuttling desperately down the street, followed by an angry close up yelling at him in disgust and flinging stones of hatred at him. Before her parents were able to see anything, she ran back in, bolted the door and sunk to the floor.Bibliography Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka, translated by Malcolm Pasley, Penguin, 2000

Butler Lumber Case Study Analysis Essay

Subject Butler ram CompanyProblem Whether Mr. Mark Butler should go ahead with financing from Northrop topic aver or should stay with Suburban national Bank.Options 1) Enter into a impart agreement with Northrop National Bank for USD 465,000 (Assumption The condition to sever the birth with Suburban National Bank applies to Short Term Loan only) 2) Continue unequal frontier lending relationship with Suburban National Bank for USD 250,000 and secure the smart sets give with real propertyRecommendation Given oper up to(p) data, Butler Lumber company should enter into a bring agreement with Northrop National Bank for USD 465,000 psychoanalysisOur recommendation to Mr. Mark Butler to enter into agreement with Northrop Bank for line credit of USD 465,000 is based on the following factorsExternal Financing NeedWe assessed the companys external financing need in 1991 based on the following scenariosa)The current quarter net sales of 1991 attributes 26% of annual sales of compan y in 1991, since first quarter sales of 1990 contributed 26% of total 1990 net sales and wherefore the total net sales projected for 1991 is USD 2.77 Mn. Balance Sheet and Income statement have been projected at serving of sales (Please refer to exhibit no. 1). In this scenario, we assume company doesnt opt to take discounts on its purchases b)Net sales of USD 2.77Mn, company opts to take discounts on its purchases c)Net sales in 1991 of USD 3.6Mn as indicated by patoiss investigator in the case study infra(a) both the above scenarios, company would need more financing than its current lingo credit facility of USD 250,000.Under scenario (a), if the company decides non to take discounts, then it would need scam term credit facility of USD 211,000 to meet its short term uppercase requirements, however companys accounts payables would increase to USD 263,000 and its net profit allow for be USD 49,000. and so as far companys financing need is concerned it can continue its sh ort term relationship with the brisk bank. On the other hand, if the company decides to take discounts, then it would need short term lend of USD 407,000 to meets its working capital requirements and hence would have to go into agreement with the new bank. Under this scenario, companys accounts payables would amount to USD 55,000 and net profit would be USD 61,000.Under scenario no (b), Butler Lumber total assets are projected to outpace total liabilities (excluding short term loan) by USD 628, 000, hence the live loan will be far from fulfilling clients working capital needs and the loan from Northrop Bank will be able to bridge USD 465,000 of the gap, however company would still be needing USD 162,000 under current mode of operation. We recommend that apart from getting new line of credit from Northrop Bank, company should come down its days receivables period.Increase in ProfitabilityOption 1If the company resides with the wide awake bank loan, the total post expenses are projected to increase by USD 7,000 in 1991 and resulting into after-tax net profit USD 49,000 with loan from existing bank. The effective rate of interest expense is 13.2% with existing loan. (Please refer to exhibit _____)Compared to 1990, ROA will remain the same at 5% and ROE will remain at 13%.Option 2If the company re holdings its short term line of credit from its existing bank to new bank, the total interest expenses are projected to increase by USD 11,000 in 1991, however company will be able to earn discounts of USD 27,000, resulting into after-tax net profit of USD 61,000 with new loan as compared to after-tax net profit of USD 49,000 with loan from existing bank. The effective rate of interest expense with new loan, after taking effect of discount income, is 5.0% compared to 13.2% with existing loan. (Please refer to exhibit _____)Compared to 1990, ROA will increase to 6% while ROE will increase to 17%. These profitability ratios indicate a better result by taking up the new loan than staying with the old bank. By Dupont analysis (Please see exhibit___), the main drivers for the higher ROE for new loan is over collectable to higher profit margin which offset the lower equity multiplier. The effect of the discount income has driven the profitability, which in turn reflected also in the ROE and ROA ratios.Changes in flexibility with the new loanDecreasing Flexibility in Managerial DecisionsThe company becomes less flexible in its managerial decisions by taking up the new loan. It would be bounded by the negative covenants imposed by the new bank. These negative covenants place clear restrictions to Butlers future managerial decisions, including investments in fixed assets and limited withdrawals of funds. Because of Butlers conservative in operation(p) so far, he should be able to deal with these restrictions. Furthermore, Butler Lumbers increased sales are shielded from the general economic downturn to some degree collect to the relatively large proportion of its repair business. This will facilitate the maintenance of the net working capital correct in a general economic downturn stage.As additional part of the covenants the bank placed importance on the net working capital. This could have positive impact to the firms future. As the firm is affected by liquidity problems, the covenants on net workingcapital will make Butler to be more mindful about firm liquidity in midst of sales expansion. Thus, it could reduce the chance of Butler ending back with a situation of liquidity issues. change magnitude Flexibility in Financial OpportunitiesBecause companys business is seasonal, the financial opportunities by the new loan offer scope to balance seasonal variations. Another point is the now possible use of discounts provided by suppliers (see Increase in Profitability section).Ratios (please refer to exhibit ___)Option 1 If Butler Lumber corset with the old bank we can observe a constant value, from 1990 to 1991, for net w orking capital, current and quick ratio. At first glance, seems that the firm is able to cover current liabilities with current assets, but, without the inventory (which takes more judgment of conviction to convert into cash), the situation is completely different. The D/E increases from 1,68 to 1,72, while the interest coverage presents a value, that, even if lower, is acceptable. With regard to the profitability, the ROA and the ROE remain constant. The cash motorbike increases from 64 to 72 this is due to an increase to both inventory and receivables period, even if we can observe an increase in the payable as well.Option 2 Taking the new loan lead to an increase in net working capital, mainly due to the reduction of current liabilities (in fact, despite the increase in notes payable, there is a drastic reduction in accounts payable, in order to get the discount). In this scenario both current and quick ratio improve, indicating an improvement in firms liquidity. The D/E decrea ses from 1,68 to 1,62 and the interest coverage presents an acceptable value as well. inappropriate scenario (a), profitability improves in a consistent way ROA increases to 6% and ROE increases to 16%. The cash cycle rises significantly due to the combined effect of increase in inventory and receivables period and decrease in payable.AppendicesExhibit 1 projected income statement and balance sheetProjected income statement19901991USD in millions, FYE 31-DecActual% of Sales Scenario a-1Scenario a-2Scenario b Net sales12,694100.00% 2,7712,7713,600COGSBeginning Inventory326418418418Purchases2,0422,0182,0182,7462,3682,4362,4363,164Ending Inventory241815.52%430430559Total COGS21,95072.38%2,0062,0062,606GROSS PROFIT744 765765994Operating expenses365820.90%667667840Interest expenses433N.A405151Discounts 2742NET INCOME in the first place TAXES53 5874145Provision for income taxes59101437NET INCOME44 4961107Projected balance sheet19901991USD in millions, FYE 31-DecActual% of Sales Scenario a-1Scenario a-2Scenario b Cash2411.52%424255Account receivable, net231711.77%326326424Inventory418430430559 modern ASSETS776 7987981037Property, net21575.83%161161210TOTAL ASSETS933 9609601247Notes payable (bank)6233N.A247407465Notes payable (Mr. Stark)0N.A000Notes payable, trade0N.A000Accounts payable22569.50%2635575Accrued expenses39N.A393939L-t debt, current portion77N.A777CURRENT LIABILITIES535 556508586L-t debt750N.A434343TOTAL LIABILITIES585 599551629Net worth348N.A348348348Retained earnings84961107 naked as a jaybird Net Worth397409455TOTAL LIABILITIES & NET WORTH933 9969601084PLUG EFN -360162Scenarios-a-1 refers to projected sales of $2,771m in 1991 and a continuing relationship with Suburban National Bank -a-2 refers to projected sales of $2,771m in 1991 and a new relationship with Northrop National Bank -b refers to projected sales of $3,600m in 1991 and a new relationship with Northrop National BankNotes1 Q1 1991 sales are $718m. Q1 1990 sales were 25.91% of FY 1990 sale s. We assume this ratio to be constant in scenario a. In scenario b, we hope of Northrop National banks assumption of $3,600m sales in 1991.2 Assumed to be percentage of sales.3 Operating expenses includes Mr. Butlers salary. Operating expenses are projected by decreasing operating expenses of 1990 by $95K (salary) and applying percentage of sales to the operating expenses without salary, then adding back $88K (annualised Q1 1991 salary) to get the operating expenses of 1991.4 As a corporation, Butler is taxed 15% on its first $50,000 sales, 25% on the next $25,000, and 34% on all additional income above $75,000.

Critical Review of a Paper Investigating the Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy

IntroductionThe paper to be reviewed is an investigation by Duncan, Forbes-McKay and Henderson (2012) into the application of the theory of planned demeanour (TPB, Ajzen, 1988, 1991) and its effectiveness in predicting heading to birth out wellness related deportments. The TPB is a social cognition model, meaning that it seeks to predict intention to escape out a behaviour and to understand why singulars whitethorn fail to adhere to a behaviour to which they were once committed. The theory claims that three variables can be utilise to predict an several(prenominal)s behaviour the individuals strength toward the behaviour, the bearing of epochal others toward the behaviour and the individuals perceive ensure everywhere a behaviour. Perceived control over behaviour is governed by both(prenominal) internal factors such(prenominal) as an individuals skills or available resources, and external factors such as actual opportunities to give birth out the behaviour. Unlike the individuals placement toward the behaviour and the attitude of others, perceived control over the behaviour is believed to influence both the intention to carry out the behaviour and the behaviour itself. In concomitant, the authors were investigating whether the TPB could be employd to predict intention to consume intoxicant during motherhood. Previous research has found the TPB to be useful for predicting a range of other health related behaviours (Godin and Kok, 1996) and alcoholic drink using up behaviours in particular (Marcoux & Shope, 1997 McMillan & Conner, 2003). The authors focused on the aim of TPB in being able to predict the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. boozing during pregnancy is a major health issue. It has been found to influence a number of outcomes for the child including maladaptive behaviours (Sood et al., 2001) and weight at birth (Mariscal et al., 2006). Despite its relation to negative outcomes for the child, up to 54% of women in the UK fork over claimed to keep consumed alcohol during their pregnancy (Bolling et al., 2007).Study Description130 women base in the Aberdeenshire ara returned a questionnaire that was distributed to them at their 20- workweek pregnancy scan. Of these, analysis was carried out on 116 women. The questionnaire included questions designed to gather info on demographic details, past and present alcohol consumption, and TPB variables. The TPB variables included measuring the participants intention to engage in the behaviour, their attitude toward the behaviour, their beliefs about the subjective norm and their perceived behavioural control. The orbit found that the majority of participants made deviates to their drunkenness behaviour once they found out that they were with child(predicate), with these changes taking the form of a reduction in alcohol consumption. 64.7% abstained from alcohol altogether during their pregnancy, 34.5% continued to insobriety to some level and 0.9% did non answer. Of those women who continued to revel during their pregnancy, 13.4% were imbibing above the recommended maximum levels whereas the rest were drinking one to two units between two and four time per month. It was in like manner found that although most participants received information about drinking during their pregnancy, 12.9% received no information. In relation to the TPB theory, it was found that women who abstained from drinking after finding out they were pregnant had significantly higher gain on the intention scale, suggesting that they had a significantly greater intention to quit alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Abstaining participants also had significantly higher scores on the subjective norm scale, indicating that they felt much pressure from what others opinion about drinking during pregnancy. Abstainers were also found to have significantly lower scores on the attitude scale, suggesting a much less positive attitude toward the behaviour of drinking during pregnancy. In contrast,, the scale that calculated perceived behaviour control did not show any significant differences between those women who abstained and those who continued to drink during their pregnancy.Attitude toward the behaviour and the influence of what others thought of the behaviour were found to be strongly and significantly correlated with intention to carry out the behaviour of abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy. TPB was able to explain 59.3% of variance in intention to drink during pregnancy. Furthermore, the theory was able to correctly classify 91.8% of cases and as a result, was statistically able to key between drinkers and abstainers. The authors concluded that as attitude was found to have the grea try on statistically significant part to predicting intention and to contribute significantly to predicting actual behaviour, it would be an ideal candidate for intervention focus. As perceived behaviour control was the only TPB component found not to contribute, the authors suggest that the model without this component would be appropriate for predicting intention to consume alcohol during pregnancy.Critical ReviewThe reviewed article addressed an important health issue, namely investigating how drinking alcohol during pregnancy could be reduced by understanding what drives or stops women from having the intention to carry out this behaviour. The finding that attitude toward drinking whilst pregnant has a significant encroachment on both intention to drink during pregnancy and actual drinking during pregnancy could have wider clinical and fosterageal applications. Nevertheless, the authors are vague in how their findings could be applied in the real demesne and fail to make useful suggestions based on their data. The finding that some women were not provided with information pertaining to the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is also an important one because it highlights that some health trusts are failing to serve up women make informed decisions about this subject. However, it is not touched upon in the discussion.The studys introduction is a little weak in that it does not make an overly convincing argument as to why their chosen topic is important and worth investigating. It makes only a brief reference to the negative impact that alcohol consumption can have on both mother and baby, and the literature to which it refers is quite outdated. This suggests that a thorough and recent literature review whitethorn not have been carried out. Furthermore, the study could present a much stronger argument as to why the TPB may be applicable to this health behaviour in particular. There is some justification in that the authors of the paper chose this particular theory on the premise that a socially-based theory such as TPB could highlight risk factors for the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy that could be more easily influenced than previous risk factors that have been identified s uch as drinking habits before pregnancy and socioeconomic status (Stewart & Streiner, 1994 Yamamoto et al., 2008). Risk factors such as these cannot be easily changed. In contrast, risk factors based on attitudes toward a behaviour can be more easily altered through education or government interventions. The discussion does not flow particularly well and the overall conclusions of the study are not entirely clear. An advantage of the TPB is its holistic approach. It attempts to understand the behaviour of an individual in the context of both an individuals attitude toward a behaviour, their perceived control over that behaviour and how they perceive others to umpire the behaviour. However, our intentions to carry out a behaviour or not are the result of an incredibly difficult process during which many variables are taken into account. Although the limitations of the studys methodology are touched upon in the discussion, the authors fail to explore the limitations of the TPB and h ow these may affect their findings. For example, McKeown (1979) argued that negative health behaviours are determined on the individual level by the choices we make to behave in a certain way. Therefore, the theory may dimension too much emphasis on the importance of what others think of a behaviour. Indeed, in the current study, individual attitudes toward a behaviour were found to be more influential than subjective norms.One criticism of this study is its potential lack of representativeness, both culturally and geographically. Ethnic minorities made up only 6.9% of the sample, meaning that the results may not be generalisable to ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the sample was collected from only one geographic area, although the authors argue that their findings are in keeping with previous studies that used samples from a much wider geographical area (Anderson et al., 2007 Bolling et al., 2007). There may also have been a persuade in the way in which participants were recruite d. Women were approached by the researchers whilst awaiting their 20 week antenatal scans in hospital. The scans are designed to screen for any anomalies in the baby and to check that cultivation is normal. These scans are not compulsory, potentially creating a bias in the sample. For example, Alderdice et al. (2007) found that women without qualifications or women from areas of high red were significantly less likely to use of goods and services an offer of a 20 week screen for Downs Syndrome than women from generous areas or women with degree-level qualification. This suggests that the women who were approached by the researchers in the current study may have been under-representative of women from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Furthermore, the study does not provide detail on the demographic information of the women who responded to the questionnaire, which would have been useful in evaluating generalisability.The measure used to ascertain TPB variables was developed usin g guidelines for the development of questionnaires designed to measure TPB behaviours (Francis et al., 2004). However, the measurement used was not a validated questionnaire. Furthermore, the authors do not provide examples of how they measured the three variables of intention, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control. This means that the measure cannot be opened up for scrutiny or re-used in later studies to valuate its validity and reliability. Before the main study, a small pilot study was carried out with seven pregnant women to ensure that the questionnaire was easy to understand. Pilot studies are essential for establishing a sound study design (van Teijilngen & Hundley, 2001). Although, it should be noted that the authors did not report the results of any reliability or validity tests. As part of the test battery, the study did use the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, a reliable and valid measure for gather information on alcohol consumption that was develo ped by the World health Organisation (Saunders et al., 1993, sparing Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2004). This measurement has been reported to be superior to other measures designed to collect data on the same subject (Reinert & Allen, 2002).Self-report measures in themselves have a number of limitations. Firstly, they are subject to social pizzazz bias. Social desirability bias acknowledges that participants may report carrying out behaviours that are socially desirable or may cover up being involved in behaviours that are frowned on. Based on the finding that subjective norms had a significant impact on both intention and behaviour, social desirability bias may have affected the results of this study. If participants were so influenced by what others thought of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, then they may have been likely to cover up occasions on which they did drink during their pregnancy. This means that the number of participants who did drink during pregnancy may have been higher than the study reported.Recommendations for Improvement and Future queryIf this study is to be replicated, it could be improved in a number of ways. Firstly, ethnic minorities must be better represented. enceinte Britain is now a multi-cultural country and research must reflect this. The authors must provide more information or a copy of the questionnaire designed to measure TPB variables so that reliability and validity can be assessed. A useful future study would be to assess the impact of an intervention designed to change the attitude of women who do not perceive drinking alcohol during pregnancy to be an issue. As attitude was found to be the most important factor in intention to carry out this behaviour, the currently reviewed study would be strengthened if an intervention based around attitude was found to change behaviour.ReferencesAjzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Milton Keynes, UK fan out University Press.Ajzen, I. (1991). Th e theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.Alderdice, F., McNeill, J., Rowe, R., Martin, D. & Dornan, J. (2008). Inequalities in the reported offer and uptake of antenatal screening. Public Health, 122(1), 42-52.Anderson, S., Bradshaw, P., Cunningham-Burley, S., Hayes, F. Jamieson, L., MacGregor, A. et al. (2007). Growing up in Scotland A study following the lives of Scotlands children. Edinburgh, Scotland Scottish Executive.Bolling, K., Grant, C., Hamlyn, B. & Thornton, A. (2007). Infant Feeding Survey, 2005. Leeds, UK The Information Centre.Duncan, E.M., Forbes-McKay, K.E. & Henderson, S.E. (2012). Alcohol use during pregnancy An application of the theory of planned behaviour. diary of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1887-1903.Francis, J.J., Eccles, M.P., Johnstone, M., Walker, A., Grimshaw, J., Foy, R. et al. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour A manual for health service researchers. Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Centre for Health Services Research.Godin, G. & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behaviour A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87-98.Marcoux, B.C. & Shope, J.T. (1997). Application of the theory of planned behaviour to adolescent use and misuse of alcohol. Health Education Research, 12, 323-331.Mariscal, M., Palma, S., Llorca, J., Perez-Iglesias, R., Pardo-Crespo, R. & Delgado-Rodriguez, M. (2006). Pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risk for low birth weight. Annals of Epidemiology, 16, 432-438.McKeown, T. (1979). The role of medicine. Dream, mirage or nemesisOxford, UK Blackwell Publisher Ltd.McMillan, B. & Conner, M. (2003). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand alcohol and tobacco use in students. Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 8, 317-328.Reinert, D. & Allen, J.P. (2002). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) A review of recent research. Alcoholism clinical and Experimental Research, 26(2), 272-279.Saunders, J.B., Aasland, O.G., Babor, T.F., de la Fuente, J.R. & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction, 88, 791-804.Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (2004). The management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in primary care A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh, Scotland Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Sood, B., Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Nordstrom-Klee, B., Ager, J., Templin, T., et al. (2001). antepartum alcohol exposure and childhood behaviour at age 6 to 7 years I. Does- chemical reaction effect. Pediatrics, 108(2), 34-43.Steward, D.E. & Streiner, D. (1994). Alcohol drinking in pregnancy. General Hospital Psychiatry, 16, 406-412.van Teijilngen, E. & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social Research Update, 35, 1 -4.Yamamoto, Y., Kanieta, Y., Yokoyama, E., Sone, T., Takemura, S., Suzuki, K. et al. (2008). Alcohol consumption and abstention among pregnant Japanese women. Journal of Epidemiology, 18, 173-182.